Monadnock

I love to think about the structure of the city or town based on the geography. It is always something to do with how to protect the city from enemy and how to deal with natural disaster. Edinburgh has several monadnocks, the result of the volcanic activity around 350 million years ago, which is eroded by the glacier during ice age around 11,000 years ago. The castle is of course on the top of one of the monadnocks.



Calton Hill



Salisbury Crags
Fulmars were nesting on the cliff.
地下で固まった玄武岩質の溶岩が氷河によって削られ顔を出した崖、ソールスベリー・クラッグ。